CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentence atau kalimat pengandaian merupakan salah satu pengungkapan dalam Bahasa Inggris untuk menyatakan hal-hal yang diharapkan atau diandaikan untuk terjadi.

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).

Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah

Secara umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

Kalimat Positif ( + )

If + Condition, Result/Consequence

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Result/Consequence + If + Condition

Kalimat Negatif ( - )

If ... not + Condition

Atau

Unless + Condition

Type	Contoh Conditional Sentence
0	If we burn woods, it becomes charcoal. (Jika kita membakar kayu, itu menjadi arang.)
1	If I have free time, I will go to cinema. (Jika saya punya waktu luang, saya akan pergi ke bioskop.)
2	If I studied hard, I would schools abroad. (Jika saya belajar keras, saya akan sekolah di luar negeri.)
3	If he had given complete information, he would have a scholarship. (Jika dia memberikan informasi lengkap, dia akan mendapat beasiswa.)

                                                                                                                       

Type I

• Definition

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Conditional sentence type 1 atau first conditional adalah conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud di masa depan karena condition-nya realistik untuk dipenuhi.

• Ketika hasil dari syarat memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud di masa depan karena kondisi/syarat realistik untuk dipenuhi.
• Peristiwa belum terjadi sehingga sangat mungkin terjadi apabila syaratnya terpenuhi.

• Use

Conditional sentences type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don’t know for dure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but tthe conditions seems rather realistic- so we think it’s likely to happen.

a.       Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b.      Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.

• Form

Berikut rumus conditional sentence type 1.

( + )     If + Simple Present, Will + Inf / Simple Present / Imperative (Will + Bare Infinitive)

                                                Atau

            Will + Inf / Simple Present / Imperative (Will + Bare Infinitive) + If + Simple Present

( - )      If ... not / Unless + Simple Present, Will + Inf / Simple Present / Imperative (Will + Bare Infinitive)

( ? )      If + Simple Present, Will + Inf / Simple Present / Imperative (Will + Bare Infinitive) ?

• Examples

Berikut beberapa contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 1.

( + )     If Dodo call me, I will go home.

            I will go home if Dada call me.

( - )      If Dodo doesn’t come, his boss will be angry.

            Unless Dodo comes, his boss will be angry.

( ? )      If Dodo comes, will you come?

Type II

• Definition

Conditional sentence type 2 atau second conditional adalah conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi dimasa sekarang (present unreal situation) atau condition-nya sulit untuk dipenuhi di masa depan (unlikely to happen).

Kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 ini mengacu pada situasi di masa sekarang, yakni sebuah aksi yang mungkin pada masa sekarang dapat terjadi jika situasi pada masa lalu dilakukan. Conditional sentence dapat digunakan ketika hasil dari condition (syarat) tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi dimasa sekarang.

• Use

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine “what would happen if …“

a.       Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b.      Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.

c.       Were instead of Was

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Pada conditional sentence type 2, were digunakan menggantikan was meskipun subjek yang digunakan merupakan 3rd person pronoun (she, he, it) maupun kata benda tunggal. Hal ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa pengandaiannya benar-benar hanya berupa khayalan semata karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi (present unreal situation).

• Form

Berikut rumus conditional sentence type 2.

( + )     If + Simple Past, Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past

Atau

            Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past + If + Simple Past

( - )      If ... not / Unless + Simple Past, Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past

( ? )      If + Simple Past, Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past ?

• Examples

Beberapa contoh kalimat conditional type 2 dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

( + )     If Rara practiced hard, she would be a winner.

Atau

            Would she be a winner if Rara practiced hard.

 ( - )     If Rara practiced hard, she wouldn’t fail

            Unless Rara practiced hard, she wouldn’t fail.

 ( ? )     If Rara practiced hard, would she be a winner?

Type III

• Definition

Conditional sentence type 3 atau third conditional adalah conditional sentence yang digunakan ketika result/consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak ada kemungkinan terwujud karena condition-nya harus sudah dipenuhi di masa lalu.

• Use

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

a.       Nature: unreal

b.      Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)

• Form

Bagian conditional clause (if + condition) menggunakan subordinate conjunction “if” dan past perfect tense, sedangkan bagian main clause (result) menggunakan perfect modal (modal + have + past participle). Berikut rumus conditional sentence type 3.

( + )     If + Past Perfect, Would / Should / Could / Might Have + Past Participle

Atau

            Would / Should / Could / Might Have + Past Participle + If + Past Perfect

( - )     If ... not / Unless + Simple Past, Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past

( ? )      If + Simple Past, Would / Could / Might + Bare Infinitive / Simple Past ?

• Examples

Beberapa contoh kalimat conditional sentence type 3 dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

( + )     If Momon had given the prosecutor the good answers, he might have got a chance to meet you.

( - )      If Momon had given the prosecutor the good answers, he wouldn’t have stayed in the jail.

( ? )     If Momon had asked the prosecutor forgiveness, would you have forgiven him?

So far you have only learned the basic rules for Conditional Sentences. It depends on the context, however, which tense to use. So sometimes it's possible for example that in an IF Clause Type I another tense than Simple Present is used, e.g. Present Progressive or Present Perfect.

Conditional Sentences Type I (likely)

Condition refers to:	IF Clause		Main Clause
future action	Simple Present	If the book is interesting, …	Future I	…I will buy it.
			Imperative	…buy it.
			Modal Auxiliary	…you can buy it.
action going on now	Present Progressive	If he is snoring, …	Future I	…I will wake him up.
			Imperative	…wake him up.
			Modal Auxiliary	…you can wake him up.
finished action	Present Perfect	If he has moved into his new flat, …	Future I	…we will visit him.
			Imperative	…visit him.
			Modal Auxiliary	…we can visit him.
improbable action	should + Infinitive	If she should win this race, …	Future I	…I will congratulate her.
			Imperative	…congratulate her.
			Modal Auxiliary	…we can congratulate her.
present facts	Simple Present	If he gets what he wants, …	Simple Present	…he is very nice.

Conditional Sentences Type II (unlikely)

Condition refers to:	IF Clause		Main Clause
present / future event	Simple Past	If I had a lot of money, …	Conditional I	…I would travel around the world.
consequence in the past	Simple Past	If I knew him, …	Conditional II	…I would have said hello.

Conditional Sentences Type II (impossible)

Condition refers to:	IF Clause		Main Clause
present	Past Perfect	If I had known it, …	Conditional I	…I would not be here now.
past	Past Perfect	If he had learned for the test, …	Conditional II	…he would not have failed it.

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses. e.g. If you will come this way,  will see you now. I would be grateful if you would give me a little help. (= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was: If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...). If I have some spare time next weekend....or : If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless. e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike. He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5. There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past: If + Past Perfect - would + inf. If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

Reference:

• http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentences
• http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentence-type-1
• http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentence-type-2
• http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentence-type-3
• https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-1
• https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-2
• https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/type-3
• https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences/exceptions
• http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/bahasa-inggris/kalimat-pengandaian-(conditional-sentence)-tipe-1.aspx
• http://www.ef.co.id/englishfirst/englishstudy/bahasa-inggris/kalimat-pengandaian-(conditional-sentence)-tipe-2.aspx
• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm